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La historia de Piura se remonta a los 6 mil años antes nuestra era, cuando un pueblo de pescadores y recolectores pobló las zonas costeras. Con el tiempo estos grupos humanos se fueron cons<b>tit</b>uyendo en naciones civilizadas que poblaron la costa (Los Tallanes, considerados los mejores navegantes del antiguo Perú), la zona central (Vicús, famosos por su fina cerámica) y las serranías (Cultura Huancabamba), quienes antes de la conquista española fueron sojuzgados por las tropas incaicas, luego de cruentas y sanguinarias guerras.
En Piura se desarrolló la Cultura Vicús, conocida originalmente como Sechura, cuya cerámica de gran plasticidad llamó mucho la atención de arqueólogos y coleccionistas. Sus tumbas profundas y sus rasgos de forma y decoración la vinculan con las culturas regionales del Ecuador y Colombia, pero, a su vez, su constante asociación y semenjanza con la cerámica Mochica, establece un vínculo muy fuerte con las Culturas Lambayeque y Trujillo. Desde luego, los antecedentes de Vicús se remontan al período formativo, donde pueblos como el de Ñañañique muestran una cultura muy semejante. Después de Vicús y luego de un largo proceso de desarrollo, se forjó la Cultura Piura, cuyos últimos representantes fueron conocidos con el nombre de Tallanes. En esta etapa surgió el urbanismo, con centros importantes como Narihuslá.
Los tallanes o yungas fueron los primeros pobladores de Piura. Procedieron de la sierra durante una época no precisada y vivieron en behetrías, que fueron poblaciones sin organización ni jefe único, fueron sometidos por los mochicas o chimús, que les permitieron conservar su organización y su lengua. Se presume que cuando los mochicas estuvieron acosados por los quechuas, los Tallanes lograron una suerte de autonomía. Siglos después conquistados durante el gobierno de Inca Yupanqui o Tupac Inca Yupanqui, unos cuarenta años antes de la llegada de los españoles.
Existen dos tesis que tratan de explicar los orígenes de los Tallanes: Julio C. Tello afirma que la cultura bajó de la sierra a la costa. Max Uhle sostiene que la corriente cultural llegó a la costa por vía Marítima, desde América Central y luego ascendió a la sierra. Parece que en cuanto a los Tallanes se refiere, estos procedieron de la sierra Peruana y nada tienen que ser con las inmigraciones marítimas.
Garcilaso de La Vega, dice que Huancabamba era muy grande y estaba muy poblado por diferentes naciones que hablaban distintos idiomas y se gobernaban independientemente. Guerreaban entre sí y se sometían a los vencidos a los más duros castigos.
En igual situación se encontraban los ayahuancas (Ayabaca), con lo que los incas tuvieron que pelear duramente para conquistarlos. Después de una larga y dura guerra, en la que los incas perdieron más de ocho mil hombres, estos pueblos decidieron rendirse. Pero una vez incorporados al imperio, se convirtieron en provincias progresistas dedicadas a la agricultura.
Así estaban cuando llegó Pizarro y sus soldados para emprender la conquista del Tawantinsuyo<b>. Com</b>o se sabe sus primeros contactos con los naturales de Tumbes en su tercer viaje fueron hostiles y obligaron a los conquistadores a buscar lugares más propicios para ponerse a cubierta de sorpresas por parte de los indios. Viendo Pizarro que Tumbes no era lugar apropiado que buscaban para establecer su base de operaciones, al frente de sus hombres decidió seguir viaje al sur en busca del lugar ideal para establecerse. Lo encuentran en el valle de Tangarará a orillas del río Chira. Fue aquí donde Pizarro fundó la primera ciudad de América del Sur, San Miguel de Piura (1532), que durante la Colonia mudó su sede huyendo de los rigores del clima (¿del Fenómeno del Niño?) y de los piratas que asolaron las costas del norte peruano. Por aquel entonces, el puerto de Paita competía en importancia con el Callao debido a que frente a sus costas las aguas de la corriente de Humboldt (que va de sur a norte paralelo a la costa) se internan en el Océano Pacífico, haciendo muy difícil la navegación de los barcos a vela.
Han vinculado diversas versiones sobre la denominación de la ciudad, señalando unos que fue por que se fundó el día de San Miguel, pero otros afirman que Pizarro quiso agradecerle un milagro o que fue el mercedario Fray Miguel de Orenes. Pero así como se discrepa de los orígenes del nombre de la ciudad, también se discute sobre la verdadera fecha de fundación de San Miguel, lo que indujo a la creencia de que la ceremonia de fundación se habría celebrado el día en que se celebra la festividad del arcángel.
Pero don Enrique del Carmen Ramos, ha demostrado que Pizarro no pudo haber estado en el valle del Chira el 29 de septiembre de 1532, pues demoró más de dos meses para llegar a Cajamarca, según Jérez. Y a Cajamarca arribo el 15 de Noviembre de aquel año.
Enrique del Carmen Ramos, sumando días y haciendo una serie de conjeturas llega a la conclusión de que San Miguel debe haber sido fundada a mediados de Julio de 1532, entre el 11 y el 15. Empero el único do<b><b>cum</b></b>ento que nos dará la fecha exacta es el acta de fundación de la ciudad que se encuentra perdida
Aproximadamente en 1571, la mayoría de piuranos se traslada al puerto de San Francisco de Buena Esperanza de Paita, debido a que el clima en Montes de los Padres molestaba a la población. Con la incursión del pirata inglés Cavendish (de enero a mayo de 1587), quien se apoderó del gran botín (25 libras de plata y 5500 libras de metales finos) y arruinó la ciudad, incendiando la iglesia, casas, los pobladores se fueron a vivir al valle de Catacaos, junto a la represa de Tacalá. Entonces la ciudad supo mantenerse en el Chilcal de Tacalá, encontrando el elemento que la caracterizó siempre, el río Piura. Durante la época de la colonia, la vida transcurrió en paz y tranquilidad, llegando a ser paso obligado hacia Lima, ya que por aquel entonces, el Puerto de Paita ofrecia las mejores ventajas para los barcos que venian de la metropoli.
En 1820, con las incursiones de los almirantes Brown y Cochrane de la expedición libertadora de don José de San Martín, la población piurana se suma a la causa libertadora, llegando el 4 de Enero de 1821 el pueblo a proclamar la independencia en el atrio de la Iglesia San Francisco, la proclamaron en una gesta encabezada por los próceres José de Lamas, Tomás Cortés, Baltasar Taboada, los hermanos Seminario y otros. De igual forma, la división Piura de 1000 hombres contribuyó victoriosamente en la independencia de Ecuador, tomando parte en la Batalla de Pichincha, el 24 de Mayo de 1822.Y fue Catacaos la primera ciudad que en 1826 rechazó la Cons<b>tit</b>ución Vitalicia impuesta por Simón Bolívar, acto que fue reconocido en todo el Perú y que le mereció el título de Heroica Villa.
El 30 de Enero de 1837 fue elevada a la categoría de Provincia Lit<b>oral</b>. Durante los primeros años de la vida republicana, los piuranos toman partido por los diferentes movimientos politicos que se dan en aquella epoca, llegando a ser escenario de reñidas luchas por uno u otro caudillo.
En 1861 se crea el Departamento de Piura con tres provincias: Piura, Paita y Ayabaca. El 14 de Enero de 1865 Huancabamba se convierte en la cuarta provincia de Piura.
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Servicio a la comunidad desde Peru
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Aug 17, 2007 11:57 pm
1095 Views
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La cantidad de fallecidos por el fuerte sismo del pasado miércoles en casi todo el Peru, ascendió a 445 y la de heridos ya está en 1008, informó el director nacional de Operaciones de INDECI, comandante Arístides Mussio. Asimismo, agregó que el número de viviendas destruidas por el sismo se eleva a 16 mil 879.
Aun se esta pronosticando mas sismos y maremotos,por favor estar siempre conectados con sus familiares y noticias en Peru!
cada hora aumenta mas los desaparecidos,muertos y heridos es algo numerable de esta terrible tragedia!
el Congreso ha abierto una cuenta en el Banco de Crédito para recoger las donaciones en efectivo que la población quiera ofrecer.
esta es otra cuenta para envio y ayuda en dolares
como podemos ayudar
Más de ochenta mil peruanos han sido afectados por el terremoto y hoy tú puedes ayudarlos. ¿Cómo hacerlo?, te lo explicamos en la página de ayuda de RPP; toda la gente de Oxígeno ya la está visitando.
Conoce cuáles con las vías de ayuda, dónde dejar tus donativos, deja un comentario si no logras comunicarte con alguien en el sur o avísanos si conoces algún otro modo de ayudar a nuestros hermanos.
Ahora un grupo de voluntarios se reúne en la puerta 14 del Estadio Nacional para ayudar a recibir y clasificar las donaciones, sin embargo se necesitan muchas manos más.
También puedes colaborar llevando frazadas, alimentos no perecibles y bidones, botellas u otros envases limpios con tapa
Gracias por su solidaridad
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Quechua
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Apr 9, 2007 2:28 am
1182 Views
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Quechua (Runa Simi; Kichwa in Ecuador) is a Native American language of South America. It was the language of the Inca Empire, and is today spoken in various dialects by some 10 million people (Quechuas) throughout South America, including Peru, South-western Bolivia, southern Colombia and Ecuador, north-western Argentina and northern Chile. It is the most widely spoken of all the languages of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Quechua is a very regular agglutinative language, with a normal sentence order of SOV (subject-object-verb). Its large number of suffixes changes both the overall significance of words and their subtle shades of meaning. Notable grammatical features include bipersonal conjugation (verbs agree with both subject and object), evidentiality (indication of the source and veracity of knowledge), a topic particle, and suffixes indicating who benefits from an action and the speaker's attitude toward it.
History:Theories today place the origin of Quechua and its initial territorial domain in modern Peru's Central Coast, possibly in the ancient city of Caral, around 2600 BC. Inca kings of Cusco made Quechua their official language and, with Inca conquest in the 15th century, the Empire's language became pre-Columbian Peru's lingua franca. By the time of the Spanish conquest, in the 16th century, the language had already spread throughout the Andean region.
Quechua has often been grouped with Aymara as a larger Quechumaran linguistic stock, largely because about a third of its vocabulary is shared with Aymara. This proposal is controversial, however, as the cognates are close, often closer than intra-Quechua cognates, and there is little relationship in the affixal system. The similarities may be due to long-term contact rather than from common origin. The language was further extended beyond the limits of the Inca empire by the Roman Catholic Church, which chose it to preach to Indians in the Andes.
Today, it has the status of an official language in both Peru and Bolivia, along with Spanish and Aymara. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of the Latin alphabet, Quechua had no written alphabet. The Incas kept track of numerical data through a system of quipu-strings.
Currently, the major obstacle to the diffusion of the usage and teaching of Quechua is the lack of written material in the Quechua language, namely books, newspapers, software, magazines, etc. Thus, Quechua, along with Aymara and the minor indigenous languages, remains essentially an oral language.
Geographic distribution:There are two main dialect groups.
Quechua I or Waywash is spoken in Peru's central highlands. It is the most conservative and diverse branch of Quechua, such that its dialects have often been considered different languages.
Quechua II or Wanp'una (Traveler) is divided into three branches:
II-A: Yunkay Quechua is spoken sporadically in Peru's occidental highlands;
II-B: Northern Quechua (also known as Runashimi or, especially in Ecuador, Kichwa) is mainly spoken in Colombia and Ecuador. It is also spoken in the Amazonian lowlands in Ecuador and Peru;
II-C: Southern Quechua, spoken in Peru's southern highlands, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile, is today's most important branch because it has the largest number of speakers and because of its cultural and literary legacy.
This is, at least, the traditional classification, and is still a helpful guide, though it has come to be increasingly challenged in recent years, since a number of regional varieties of Quechua seem to be intermediate between the two branches.
Number of speakers:The number of speakers given varies widely according to the sources. The most reliable figures are to be found in the census results of Peru (1993) and Bolivia (2001), though they are probably altogether too low due to underreporting. The 2001 Ecuador census seems to be a prominent example of underreporting, as it comes up with only 499,292 speakers of the two varieties Quichua and Kichwa combined, where other sources estimate between 1.5 and 2.2 million speakers.
Argentina: 100,000
Bolivia: 2,100,000 (2001 census)
Brazil: unknown
Chile: very few, spoken in pockets in the Chilean Altiplano (Ethnologue)
Colombia: 9,000 (Ethnologue)
Ecuador: 500,000 to 2,200,000
Peru: 3,200,000 (1993 census)
Additionally, there may be hundreds of thousands of speakers outside the traditionally Quechua speaking territories.
Vocabulary:A number of Quechua loanwords have entered English via Spanish, including coca, condor, guano, jerky, llama, pampa, puma, quinine, quinoa, vicuña and possibly gaucho. The word lagniappe comes from the Quechua word yapay ("to increase; to add") with the Spanish article la in front of it, la yapa or la ñapa, in Spanish.
Quechua has borrowed a large number of Spanish words, such as pero (from pero, but), bwenu (from bueno, good), and burru (from burro, donkey).
Sounds:The description below applies to Cusco dialect; there are significant differences in other varieties of Quechua.Vowels,Quechua uses only three vowels: /a/ /i/ and /u/, similar to Classical Arabic. Monolingual speakers pronounce these as [æ] [ɪ] and [ʊ] respectively, though the Spanish vowels /a/ /i/ and /u/ may also be used. When the vowels appear adjacent to the uvular consonants /q/, /qʼ/, and /qʰ/, they are rendered more like [ɑ], [ɛ] and [ɔ] labial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
plosive / affricate p t tʃ k q
aspirated plosive or affricate pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ qʰ
ejective p t tʃ k q
fricative s h
nasal m n ɲ
lateral approximant l ʎ
flap ɾ
central approximant j w
None of the plosives or fricatives is voiced; voicing is not phonemic in the Quechua native vocabulary of the modern Cusco variety
respectively.Consonants;About 30% of the modern Quechua vocabulary is borrowed from Spanish, and some Spanish sounds (e.g. f, b, d, g) may have become phonemic, even among monolingual Quechua speakers,Writing system;Quechua has been written using the Roman alphabet since the Spanish conquest of Peru. However, written Quechua is not utilized by the Quechua-speaking people at large due to the lack of printed referential material in Quechua.
Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based orthography. Examples: Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor. This orthography is the most familiar to Spanish speakers, and as a corollary, has been used for most borrowings into English.
In 1975, the Peruvian government of Juan Velasco adopted a new orthography for Quechua. This is the writing system preferred by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua. Examples: Inka, Wayna Qapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur. This orthography
uses w instead of hu for the /w/ sound.
distinguishes velar k from uvular q, where both were spelled c or qu in the traditional system.
distinguishes simple, ejective, and aspirated stops in dialects (such as that of Cuzco) which have them-- thus khipu above.
continues to use the Spanish five-vowel system.
In 1985, a variation of this system was adopted by the Peruvian government; it uses the Quechua three-vowel system. Examples: Inka, Wayna Qapaq, Qullasuyu, Mama Uqllu, Wiraqucha, khipu, tampu, kuntur.
The different orthographies are still highly controversial in Peru. Advocates of the traditional system believe that the new orthographies look too foreign, and suggest that it makes Quechua harder to learn for people who have first been exposed to written Spanish. Those who prefer the new system maintain that it better matches the phonology of Quechua, and point to studies showing that teaching the five-vowel system to children causes reading difficulties in Spanish later on.
For more on this, see Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift.
Writers differ in the treatment of Spanish loanwords. Sometimes these are adapted to the modern orthography, sometimes they are left in Spanish. For instance, "I am Robert" could be written Robertom kani or Ruwirtum kani. (The -m is not part of the name; it is an evidential suffix.)
Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino has proposed an orthographic norm for all Quechua, called Southern Quechua. This norm, el Quechua estándar or Hanan Runasimi, which is accepted by many institutions in Peru, has been made by combining conservative features of two most common dialects: Ayacucho Quechua and Qusqu-Qullaw Quechua (spoken in Cusco, Puno, Bolivia, and Argentina). For instance:
Ayacucho Cusco Southern Quechua Translation
upyay uhyay upyay "to drink"
utqa usqha utqha "fast"
llamkay llank'ay llamk'ay "to work"
ñuqanchik nuqanchis ñuqanchik "we (inclusive)"
-chka- -sha- -chka- (progressive suffix)
punchaw p'unchay p'unchaw "day"
To listen to recordings of these and many other words as pronounced in many different Quechua-speaking regions, see the external website The Sounds of the Andean Languages. There is also a full section on the new Quechua and Aymara Spelling.
Grammar n Quechua, there are seven pronouns. Quechua also has two first person plural pronouns ("we", in English). One is called the inclusive, which is used when the speaker wishes to include in "we" the person to whom he or she is speaking ("we and you"). The other form is called the exclusive, which is used when the addressee is excluded. ("we without you"). Quechua also adds the suffix -kuna to the second and third person singular pronouns qam and pay to create the plural forms qam-kuna and pay-kuna.
Adjectives
Adjectives in Quechua are always placed before nouns. They lack gender and number, and are not declined to agree with substantives.
Numbers.
Cardinal numbers. ch'usaq (0), huk (1), iskay (2), kimsa (3), tawa (4), pichqa (5), suqta (6), qanchis (7), pusaq ( , isqun (9), chunka (10), chunka hukniyuq (11), chunka iskayniyuq (12), iskay chunka (20), pachak (100), waranqa (1,000), hunu (1,000,000), lluna (1,000,000,000,000).
Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word ñiqin is put after the appropriate cardinal number (e.g., iskay ñiqin = "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to huk ñiqin ("first"), the phrase ñawpaq is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest".
Adverbs
Adverbs can be formed by adding -ta or, in some cases, -lla to an adjective: allin - allinta ("good - well"), utqay - utqaylla ("quick - quickly"). They are also formed by adding suffixes to demonstratives: chay ("that") - chaypi ("there"), kay ("this") - kayman ("hither").
There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb qhipa means both "behind" and "future", whereas ñawpa means "ahead, in front" and "past". This means that local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in Aymara) are associated to each other reversely compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it - ie. it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it - ie. we remember it).
Verbs
The infinitive forms (unconjugated) have the suffix -y (much'a= "kiss"; much'a-y = "to kiss"). The endings for the indicative are:
Present Past Future Pluperfect
Ñuqa -ni -rqa-ni -saq -sqa-ni
Qam -nki -rqa-nki -nki -sqa-nki
Pay -n -rqa-n -nqa -sqa
Ñuqanchik -nchik -rqa-nchik -su-nchik -sqa-nchik
Ñuqayku -yku -rqa-yku -saq-ku -sqa-yku
Qamkuna -nki-chik -rqa-nki-chik -nki-chik -sqa-nki-chik
Paykuna -n-ku -rqa-nku -nqa-ku -sqa-ku
To these are added various suffixes to change the meaning. For example, -ku, is added to make the actor the recipient of the action (example: wañuy = "to die"; wañukuy = "to commit suicide"); -naku, when the action is mutual (example: marq'ay= "to hug"; marq'anakuy= "to hug each other"), and -chka, when the condition is continuing (e.g., mikhuy = "to eat"; mikhuchkay = "to be eating").
Particles
These are indeclinable words, that is, they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare. The most common are arí ("yes") and mana ("no"), although mana can take the suffix -n (manan) to intensify the meaning. Also used are yaw ("hey", "hi"), and certain loan words from Spanish, such as piru (from Spanish pero "but") and sinuqa (from sino "rather").
Evidentiality
Nearly every Quechua sentence is marked by an evidential suffix, indicating how certain the speaker is about a statement. -mi expresses personal knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver-- I know it for a fact"); -si expresses hearsay knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, or so I've heard"); -cha expresses probability (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufircha, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, most likely"). These become -m, -s, -ch after a vowel.
In Quechua, there are seven pronouns. Quechua also has two first person plural pronouns ("we", in English). One is called the inclusive, which is used when the speaker wishes to include in "we" the person to whom he or she is speaking ("we and you"). The other form is called the exclusive, which is used when the addressee is excluded. ("we without you"). Quechua also adds the suffix -kuna to the second and third person singular pronouns qam and pay to create the plural forms qam-kuna and pay-kuna.
Adjectives
Adjectives in Quechua are always placed before nouns. They lack gender and number, and are not declined to agree with substantives.
Numbers.
Cardinal numbers. ch'usaq (0), huk (1), iskay (2), kimsa (3), tawa (4), pichqa (5), suqta (6), qanchis (7), pusaq (, isqun (9), chunka (10), chunka hukniyuq (11), chunka iskayniyuq (12), iskay chunka (20), pachak (100), waranqa (1,000), hunu (1,000,000), lluna (1,000,000,000,000).
Ordinal numbers. To form ordinal numbers, the word ñiqin is put after the appropriate cardinal number (e.g., iskay ñiqin = "second"). The only exception is that, in addition to huk ñiqin ("first"), the phrase ñawpaq is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of "the initial, primordial, the oldest".
Adverbs
Adverbs can be formed by adding -ta or, in some cases, -lla to an adjective: allin - allinta ("good - well"), utqay - utqaylla ("quick - quickly"). They are also formed by adding suffixes to demonstratives: chay ("that") - chaypi ("there"), kay ("this") - kayman ("hither").
There are several original adverbs. For Europeans, it is striking that the adverb qhipa means both "behind" and "future", whereas ñawpa means "ahead, in front" and "past". This means that local and temporal concepts of adverbs in Quechua (as well as in Aymara) are associated to each other reversely compared to European languages. For the speakers of Quechua, we are moving backwards into the future (we cannot see it - ie. it is unknown), facing the past (we can see it - ie. we remember it).
Verbs
The infinitive forms (unconjugated) have the suffix -y (much'a= "kiss"; much'a-y = "to kiss"). The endings for the indicative are:
Present Past Future Pluperfect
Ñuqa -ni -rqa-ni -saq -sqa-ni
Qam -nki -rqa-nki -nki -sqa-nki
Pay -n -rqa-n -nqa -sqa
Ñuqanchik -nchik -rqa-nchik -su-nchik -sqa-nchik
Ñuqayku -yku -rqa-yku -saq-ku -sqa-yku
Qamkuna -nki-chik -rqa-nki-chik -nki-chik -sqa-nki-chik
Paykuna -n-ku -rqa-nku -nqa-ku -sqa-ku
To these are added various suffixes to change the meaning. For example, -ku, is added to make the actor the recipient of the action (example: wañuy = "to die"; wañukuy = "to commit suicide"); -naku, when the action is mutual (example: marq'ay= "to hug"; marq'anakuy= "to hug each other"), and -chka, when the condition is continuing (e.g., mikhuy = "to eat"; mikhuchkay = "to be eating").
Particles
These are indeclinable words, that is, they do not accept suffixes. They are relatively rare. The most common are arí ("yes") and mana ("no"), although mana can take the suffix -n (manan) to intensify the meaning. Also used are yaw ("hey", "hi"), and certain loan words from Spanish, such as piru (from Spanish pero "but") and sinuqa (from sino "rather").
Evidentiality
Nearly every Quechua sentence is marked by an evidential suffix, indicating how certain the speaker is about a statement. -mi expresses personal knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirmi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver-- I know it for a fact"); -si expresses hearsay knowledge (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufirsi, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, or so I've heard"); -cha expresses probability (Tayta Wayllaqawaqa chufircha, "Mr. Huayllacahua is a driver, most likely"). These become -m, -s, -ch after a vowel.
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PIURA, UN PUEBLO CON HISTORIA
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Mar 11, 2007 5:32 am
1168 Views
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ANDARES
PIURA, UN PUEBLO CON HISTORIA
Textos Víctor Malpartida
Fotos: Walter Silvera
http://amigos.com
Cuentan las crónicas que los españoles que llegaron con Francisco Pizarro a Piura se llevaron la sorpresa de su vida al comprobar que era una mujer la que gobernaba la nación Capullana. La sorpresa fue mayor cuando los barbados visitantes fueron invitados a una ceremonia poco común: la elección de los nuevos cónyuges de la cacique capullana entre los jóvenes más guapos y valientes del pueblo, mientras que los varones desplazados lloraban su desgracia en un rincón del palacio soportando las burlas de sus paisanos.
Los españoles quedaron encandilados. Habían soportado durante meses las penurias de la navegación y la antipatía de los naturales semidesnudos y caníbales que encontraron en el camino, hasta que en territorio piurano fueron recibidos por un pueblo civilizado y acogedor, gobernado por bellas mujeres de piel tostada y vestidas con hermosos trajes de algodón, de cabellos largos y delicadamente peinados, que compartían la extraña costumbre de bañarse todos los días -hábito inusual en las europeas del siglo XVI- y, por si fuera poco, excelentes anfitrionas.
Las mismas crónicas nos cuentan que el propio Pizarro tuvo que usar su espada para obligar a sus hombres a retornar al barco y continuar la conquista del Tawantinsuyo.
Casi quinientos años después, los turistas que visitan este departamento norteño también hacen de tripas corazón antes de abandonar las cálidas tierras piuranas.
La historia de Piura se remonta a los 6 mil años antes de nuestra era, cuando un pueblo de pescadores y recolectores pobló las zonas costeras. Con el tiempo estos grupos humanos se fueron constituyendo en naciones civilizadas que poblaron la costa (Los Tallanes, considerados los mejores navegantes del antiguo Perú), la zona central (Vicús, famosos por su fina cerámica) y las serranías (cultura Huancabamba), quienes antes de la conquista española fueron sojuzgados por las tropas incaicas, luego de cruentas y sanguinarias guerras.
Fue aquí donde Pizarro fundó la primera ciudad de América del Sur, San Miguel de Piura (1532), que durante la Colonia mudó su sede huyendo de los rigores del clima -¿del Fenómeno del Niño?- y de los piratas que asolaron las costas del norte peruano. Por aquel entonces, el puerto de Paita competía en importancia con el Callao debido a que frente a sus costas las aguas de la corriente de Humboldt (que va de sur a norte paralelo a la costa) se internan en el Océano Pacífico, haciendo muy difícil la navegación de los barcos a vela.
De ánimo liberal y autónomo, los piuranos proclamaron la independencia el 4 de enero de 1821, contribuyendo a la victoria patriota en la batalla de Pichincha con la célebre División Piura. Y fue Catacaos la primera ciudad que en 1826 rechazó la Constitución Vitalicia impuesta por Simón Bolívar, acto que fue reconocido en todo el Perú y que le mereció el título de Heroica Villa.
Piura es también tierra de artistas, héroes y científicos, no en vano los piuranos han contribuido a la identidad nacional por su temperamento creativo, digno, patriota y generoso.
La noche piurana
Erigida en el corazón del desierto de Sechura, nada mejor que la noche piurana para escapar del ardiente y permanente calor que caracteriza a esta ciudad y así recorrer sus calles, visitar sus monumentos y sentir la ancestral hospitalidad del pueblo piurano. Ciudad de contrastes, ciudad errante y solidaria, San Miguel de Piura fue fundada por Francisco Pizarro en 1532 sobre la margen derecha del río Chira, en Tangarará, muy cerca de Sullana. Sus vecinos se trasladaron tiempo después a una zona cercana al cerro Pilán, conocida por los naturales como Piruá (granero), voz que se transformaría en "Piura". En 1578 cambiaron nuevamente de ubicación, en Catacaos, cerca de la costa. Pero otros vecinos optaron por el puerto de Paita, conocido como San Francisco de Buenaventura, hasta 1587 en que fue saqueado e incendiado por el pirata Cavendish, obligando a su población a buscar un lugar más seguro. Así se instalaría definitivamente la ciudad el 15 de agosto de 1588, en medio del desierto y bañado por las aguas del río Piura. En la margen izquierda se encuentra el barrio de Tacalá hoy llamado Castilla, la zona más populosa de la ciudad. Aquí se ubica el aeropuerto a pocos minutos del centro.
En la margen opuesta del río, se encuentra la zona tradicional de Piura. Muchas de sus calles han sido modernizadas, pero aún conservan ese aire colonial de antaño. La avenida Grau es la principal y la más antigua de la ciudad. Nace en la Plaza de Armas y en las primeras cuatro cuadras, se ubica la zona comercial que es interrumpida por un óvalo dedicado a don Miguel Grau Seminario. Desde ahí se sigue hasta el barrio de Buenos Aires hasta conectarse con la carretera que se dirige al puerto de Paita. Otra arteria principal es la avenida Sánchez Cerro, construida en 1950. Estas grandes avenidas son complementadas por aquellas calles estrechas, de cariz colonial, en donde no es raro apreciar las mansiones hechas a inicios del siglo XIX, de adobe y quincha.
Visita obligada son la Casa Eguiguren y la casona donde nació Miguel Grau, hoy convertida en museo. La calle Lima, antes llamada San Francisco, es la más tradicional de Piura. Aquí se ubica la Iglesia de San Francisco, donde se proclamó la independencia del yugo español el 4 de enero de 1821. Las calles Libertad, Tacna, Arequipa y Cusco conforman el cuadrilátero urbanístico.
En el centro de la Plaza de Armas se erige la estatua de La Libertad, a la que los piuranos llaman cariñosamente "Pola". Los tamarindos sembrados hace más de un siglo con sangre de toro, al decir de los vecinos más antiguos, otorgan su generosa sombra. Piura ha crecido mucho en los últimos años, junto a la parte antigua monumental, se han construido modernas urbanizaciones, algunas populares y otras mesocráticas. La ciudad, errante en sus inicios, muestra con orgullo la calidad de su gente y la belleza de su arquitectura monumental.
Playas de fama mundial
No se puede visitar Piura sin conocer sus playas de aguas azules, arenas blancas y eterno verano. Paraíso de tablistas, pescadores, turistas y aventureros, la belleza de su litoral no tiene comparación en toda la costa peruana. A lo largo de sus costas, el desierto choca con el mar formando caprichosas ensenadas, herraduras y farallones. Las caletas florecen como pequeños oasis. Máncora, Los Organos, El Ñuro, Cabo Blanco, Punta Restín, La Bocana, Punta Ñermete; Mata Caballo, Punta Shode o Punta Tur dan vida a la recia costa piurana.
Frente a Paita la corriente peruana de aguas templadas se interna en el mar luego de surcar de sur a norte paralela a nuestras costas. Allí choca con el mar tropical que "baja" de norte a sur. El paisaje se transforma. Ese colchón de neblina que cubre el litoral peruano desaparece y permite un clima semitropical con días calurosos y noches frescas y hermosas que hicieron famosa a la Luna de Paita.
Una playa bien Caleta
Máncora está ubicada en la provincia de Talara, casi en el límite con Tumbes. "Es una playa bien caleta" -dicen los lugareños- pero de fácil acceso. Está a dos horas y media de la ciudad de Piura gracias al buen estado de la Panamericana Norte. Antes de llegar a la casta, se pasa por Sullana, Talara, El Alto y Los Organos.
Es sin duda una de las playas más hermosas del Perú y el balneario favorito de !os piuranos. Pese a la autopista y a los buenos servicios que ofrece al turista sabe mantener su paisaje agreste, de caleta. El calor no es asfixiante a pesar de que el sol brilla todo el año. Sus playas son de aguas frescas, a veces tranquilas y salpicadas de botes y yates ubicados en el desembarcadero artesanal.
Pero en la parte sur de Máncora está el paraíso del surfing. Olas grandes y largas, de poderosos tubos, esperan a los tablistas que acuden por cientos durante el verano.
Máncora cuenta con diversos restaurantes instalados en la orilla de fa playa y otros en el puebla. Allí se pueden probar los exquisitos potajes norteños.
Los Organos
Media hora al sur de Máncora se divisa la peculiar forma de un tablazo, como tubos enormes de un ór
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Piura RegionPiura is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word
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Mar 9, 2007 7:55 pm
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Piura is a coastal region in northwestern Peru. "Piura" is derived from the Quechua word pirhua, whose approximate meaning is "supply base", as the area was used by the Incas as a stop to get provisions during their conquest of the area's original inhabitants. Known for its warm tropical and dry or semi-tropical beaches, exquisite food and hospitable people; the region's capital is Piura and its largest port cities, Paita and Talara, are also among the most important in Peru.
As part of the ongoing decentralization process in Peru, a referendum will be held on October 30, 2005 to decide whether the region will merge with the current regions of Lambayeque and Tumbes to create the new Northern Region (Spanish: Región Norte).
Geography,The Piura Region is bordered to the north by the Tumbes Region and southern Ecuador,Lambayeque Region to the south, the Cajamarca Region to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The territory of the Piura Region has many climate variations due to its geographical location.
It is just 4 degrees south of the equator, yet receives both ocean currents at the same time: the cold Humboldt Current (13-20 °C) and the warm El Niño Current (20-27 °C). This makes the Piura Region a confusing land both tropical and arid at the same time. Many call still call Piura:
The Land Where Tropic Meets The Desert
The coast is divided by the Peruvian subtropical desert of Sechura on the south and bushy like savanna tropical-dry forests to the center and north of the region. There are also small tropical valleys where rice and coconut fields are common, especially around the Piura and Sullana rivers.
There is a high Amazon climate (selva alta) as one goes away from the coast on to the sierra, Paramo climates and cooler temperatures appear as one climbs the sierra.
Topography is smooth in the coast and rough in the Sierra. There are many desertic plains in the southern region. The Sechura Desert, located south of the Piura River, is Peru's largest desert and one of the worlds examples of how a tropical desert looks and boundaries a tropical terrain to the north. The Bayóvar depression, which is the lowest point in the country, is located in this desert.
The morphological forms most common in the coast are the dry ravine that suddenly become copious when there are heavy rains, forming tropical dry forests all over. Other features are half-moon shaped dunes, the marine terraces such as those of Máncora, Talara and Lobitos. Valleys formed by fluvial terraces from the Chira River and Piura Rivers.
To the east, valleys are more or less deep and have been eroded by fluvial waters forming equatorial tropical-dry-forests. The major peak surpasses 3000 m. The Paso de Porculla, to the southwest of the territory is only 2,138 meters high and is the lowest of the Peruvian Andes.
The rivers crossing its territory belong to the Pacific watershed and to the Amazon Basin. The Chira River is the most important and flows its waters into the Pacific Ocean. The Piura River, whose banks hold the city of the same name, only flows its waters into the sea during summer, which is the rainy season.
Climate,The climate semi tropical and tropical savanna in the center and north coast, semi desertic in the southern coast near Lambayeque Region. Piura filles with tropical valleys, dry equatorial forests also has a high amazon climate as you reach between 1000-1500 meters over sea level, a subtropical sierra climate if you reach over the 2,000 meters over sea level and Paramo climate is found in the higher regions of the Sierra.
Piura has a tropical-dry or tropical savanna climate monsoon weather that averages 25 °C throughout the whole year. Pleasant warm winters (May to October) that average between 25°C and 28°C during the daytime and lows around 15 °C during the night.
The rain is scarce from May to Novembre, it rains only from December to April at discontinuous rates due to the influence of the Niño Current, but every so often El Niño phenomenon arrives, the rain is copious and makes the dry ravines become alive, giving rise not only to the impressive forests but to many floods and great morphological movements.
El Niño occurs when ocean waters reach 28 °C. When ocean water temperatures elevate 1 or 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than 27 °C, the consequence could be catastrophical rains.
Although ocean waters can drop to 19 °C during the dry winter months (May to October), they can also rise to 27 °C during the humid summer months (December to April); this calls for pleasant rains; yet if temperatures rise 1 or 1.5 °C degrees above that, El Niño is assured.
During summer (Dec to April) temperatures can reach over the 40 °C inland. During night time high 20s or even 30s may seem unpleasant, which urgently call us to go to beach resorts such as Mancora or Colan as smart options.
The rest of the months have pleasant summer temperatures in the low 30s and mid 20s °C.
Natural resources and wildlife,Piura is the land of a variety of unique carob trees and the region with most equatorial tropical-dry forests in the whole Pacific.
These ecoregions carry a unique variety of orchids, birds, reptiles, plants and mammals. Piura is known for the best and oldest lime-lemons in South America as well as South America's finest mango (tropical dry). With Lambayeque , it is the original home of the cotton variety pima. Piura also produces bananas, coconuts, rice and other fruits as local income.
Its development has been favoured also by the petroleum found in the ocean of Talara Province, fishing is blessed by two ocean currents, silver mines are common and the current Bayovar Deposits are present as well.
Facts about Piura,1- 1532: Piura was the first official Spanish settlement in South America
2- Piura is a land situated netween "deserts" and the "tropics"
3- Piura is the land of "Miguel Grau" one of Perú's national heroes
4- Piura is the land of The "Tondero" and "cumananas"
5- Piura is the land of the "Seco de Chavelo", the official dish
6- Piura is the Southernmost Region of the Pacific to hold mangroves, the "Manglares de Vice" in the Sechura Province
7- "Punta Pariñas" in Piura is South America's extreme westernmost point
8- "Cabo Blanco" a Beach in Talara Province, inspired Ernest Hemingway to write The Old Man and The Sea
9- "The Largest Black Marlin" was captured in Cabo Blanco Beach
10- "Sechura's Coast" is the location where the warm El Niño Current meets the cold Humboldt Current
History,The most important culture that developed in the Piura region was Vicus, which stood out for its ceramics and delicate work in gold. The Tallanes or Yungas, however, were the first settlers, who migrated from the Sierra. During a period that is still vague, they lived in Behetrias, which were primitive settlements without a head or an organization.
Later on, they were conquered by the Mochicas, and centuries later, by the Incas during the rule of Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
In 1532, Francisco Pizarro founded the first Spanish city in South America, on the banks of the Chira River in the Tangarará Valley. He named it San Miguel de Piura.
The founding date is still subject of controversy. However, during the 450th anniversary celebrations, July 15 was adopted as the official date.
In 1534, due to a lack of sanitary conditions, the capital was moved to Monte de los Padres (Morropón); in 1578, and for the same reason, it was moved again, this time to San Francisco de la Buena Esperanza (Paita). In 1588, the permanent attacks of the English pirates and corsairs forced a final relocation of the capital to Piura.
During Colonial times, life went by peacefully. Yet, the raids against the Spanish authorities led by Admirals Borran and Cochrane, members of the libertarian expedition of José de San Martín, woke the longing for liberty in the minds of the local people.
Culture and Costumes of Piura,Piura is host to a stunning mestizo culture since all races are found and even more mixed. Being the oldest and first Spanish city in South America, Piura is blessed with proud costumbes and culture. Gastronomical dishes like the Piuran Secho de Chavelo (the capital's dish), Algarrobina cocktail drinks, many types of cebiches and other marine foods like Majarisco and Pasao al Agua. Piura is famed for its Natilla Sweets as well.
Processions and religious folk is passionately practiced by locals. One of them is Cristo de Ayabaca.
Popular crafts are the Chulucana Pottery and handy hats and silversmith arts made from the Catacaos Province.
The Tondero and cumanana are the traditional music of the Piura Region, piuranos are definitely proud of this fact and should be. The maximum exponents of these passionete rhythms are typical cowboys popularly called piajenos. Apparently they point to have a Roma, or Gypsy, origin.
These northern cowboys that can still today be seen wandering the deserts of Sechura, Catacaos and the forests of Morropon transporting their goods using donkeys and mules. They seem to resemble physically the "American Southwest" cowboys, or Argentinan gauchos and Mexican charros. They are not only for their abilities to sing and play cumanana and Tondero; but as silversmiths that work the beautiful filgree earrings, leathers, hats, wooden and silver utensiles of Catacaos region.
Another great tradition that is sang by all northern Peruviansis the famous Peruvian waltz, well practiced by traditional musicians (northern Peruvians have their style).
Chicha Music now called Tecnocumbia (originally a Peruvian styled cumbia), is the modern version of popular music all over, as well as Salsa among youngsters.
Local Piuranos have a different accent from their neighbours at both sides since: they tend elongate their syllables in a similar ways to northern Mexicans. Piuranos have their own proud slang. Locals for example, call themselves "Churres" (popular term used for a young Piuran or northern person).
Piuranos are characterized by their witty minds, melancolic Tondero music and welcoming personalities. Their personality is never abascent to joke or kid even with newcomers. Like all Peruvians, they are heavy drinkers of chicha de jora, pisco or bear and all of them have a tendency towards creativity and art as their source of income; yet the warm climate of this region forbids hard labour from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., so it is common tradition to take siestas during this eposide and better off wake up early to get important stuff done before noon.
Political division,The region is divided into 8 provinces (Spanish: provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 64 districts (distritos, singular: distrito). The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:
Ayabaca (Ayabaca)
Huancabamba (Huancabamba)
Morropón (Chulucanas)
Paita (Paita)
Piura (Piura)
Sechura (Sechura)
Sullana (Sullana)
Talara (Talara) .
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Piura-Peru
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Mar 9, 2007 5:21 pm
1345 Views
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Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. The population is 400,000.
It was here that Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro founded the first Spanish city in South America, San Miguel de Piura, in 1532. Piura declared its independence on January 4, 1821.
History,Like most of northern Peru, the territory of Piura had been inhabited by their autochthonous group of natives called tallanes (caribbean origin) and yungas. These lived without an organization or single leader to rule until the Mochicas eventually took control and the mixture of these evolved into the Vicus Culure. Centuries later, Piura came under the rule of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, at least for around 40 years and before the Spanish arrived.
With the arrival of the Spanish in 1532, the mestizo and creole culture of actual Piura were born. This mestizo culture includes influences from Spanish Extremadura and Andalucia, African influence due to the arrival of slaves from Madagascar (Malgache slaves), the Chinese coolies that migrated from Canton to work the rice fields and replace the slaves; and also Roma gypsies who came as pirates looking for pearls or as incongite Spanish horsemen.
Colonial legacy,Piura served as the first main port through which the Inca gold the Spaniards had gathered was shipped back to Spain. Already in 1534, Sebastián de Belalcázar, one of Pizarro's men, left Piura to conquer the Inca bastion in Quito.
As the most ancient colonial city in Peru, its location was changed three times before it was established on its present location. The cathedral of Piura was built in 1588. The altar is covered in gold leaf and has a painting of Ignacio Merino, a renowned Peruvian artist.
Present Piura,The main of the two campuses of the University of Piura is located locally, while the other is in Lima.
The city is also well known for its artisans who weave straw hats and make silverware.
A museum commemorating the memory of Miguel Grau, a renowned Peruvian naval officer in the War of the Pacific, is located in Piura.
Tourism,Piura has many tourist attractions. One of the best known is Colan beach. Colan beach is a very long beach with warm waters. Local people like to go there during holidays.
It is served by the Cap. FAP Guillermo Concha Iberico International Airport.
Culture and folklore,Piura is host to a stunning mestizo culture (the oldest in South America 1532, Piura is the first Spanish city in South America) most famous for gastronomical dishes like Seco de Chavelo (the local dish), Algarrobina drinks, many types of Cebiche and Natilla Sweets. Popular crafts are the Chulucana Pottery and Catacaos is famous for its "Hats" and "Silversmith" arts. The Tondero and cumanana is the traditional music of mestizo Piura and northern parts Lambayeque. There are also several famous Peruvian valse that came from these regions (northern Peruvians have their style). "Chicha music", now called Tecnocumbia (originally a Peruvian styled cumbia), is also quite popular all over, as well as Salsa among youngsters.
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